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unix file permissions

How are these enforced? I imagine files must be encrypted, with the user id or password as an encryption key. But UNIX has been around for a long time.. are hard drives with old UNIX filesystems vulnerable to modern attacks? --Froth 02:27, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

It may possibly depend on which file system you are talking about. I have a good knowledge of the ext2 and ext3 file systems, and the permissions are just bits set in the inode entry. Extended attributes are a little more complex, but again, they're just a record external to the inode. The file data itself exists unencypted in the disk blocks pointed to by the inode. If you can boot the computer to another operating system (easiest would be to boot to a root prompt from a Linux CD, or to a Dos disk with an ext2 utility), then you can read files regardless of any permissions. If you use a disk editor (and know what you're doing), you can write to files without updating access times. For example, Ghost (software) updates files in Linux as part of restoring the file system (the /boot/map file in particular).-gadfium 03:55, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

The permissions are bits associated with the file by the operating system (typically encoded into the FS entry). The operating system enforces permission. However, if someone has physical access to your machine, permissions are not an effective security device (only encrypting the FS can help you there). Raul654 04:06, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Raul is right. Once there is physical access to a machine there is very little that can be done in terms of security. This is also true for other areas. Some time ago a mother asked how she can block websites that she doesn't want her children seeing. While there were many suggestions at the end of the day there is very little you can do once someone has access to the computer (unless you have two computers – and physically lock the one that connects to the internet). Jon513 12:51, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Oh ok, I was afraid of something like that. But for the internet thing, it would be considerably easier just to use a protected router type server with a simple filtering feature.. such systems are typically heavily encrypted since their purpose is security --Froth 17:41, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Raul and gadfium are right, of course. ... Errm, but.... There are several techniques for transparently encrypting material written to a disk, and unencrypting it when possessing the MacGuffin the system requires. These are, however, quite outside the *nixen file premissions scheme. If well designed and well implemented, these can prevent access to file contents even when the attacker has physical access to the hard disk. Furthermore, there is as least one method (due to Ross Anderson) which not only does that, but conceals the very file itself. That is, not only can't you read the file without the password or whatever, you can't even tell the file is there without the password of whatever. BUT, NB: if you forget the password or whatever, you're screwed. Windows provides a way to fix the lost password problem for encrypted files, but this is evidently insecure for any threat model worse than forgetfullness.

And, as always in real world use of crypto, you should know that there is a goodly amount of total bumpf with impressive claims on offer, at every price point, including free and cheap (see snake oil). And that good crypto encryption is very hard to distinguish from bad crypto encryption, even for experts (see an essay whose title is more or less, why cryptography is hard, by Bruce Schneier; Ross Anderson has a similarly titled essay, especially elegantly written -- look at both Web sites).

Even successful decryption is not evidence of good crypto; the only test is the ability to withstand attack, and testing that requires access to a very specialized sort of person altogether. And even then can't be definitive. Greatly skilled in math, computer science, crypto theory and practice, and with a very devious sneaky sort of mind. They're scarce on the ground. See, for example, cryptography, cryptanalysis, data remanence, social engineering, and links therein. ww 22:21, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

acess to piks

halow!! how can i acess to an archive of pictures on wikipedia with reference to a particular topic???

Type in the topic in the search box and any pics about it should be there or in related articles (linked to from that article). Not sure what you're asking, but afaik there's no groupings of pics per subject. DirkvdM 07:58, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

There is on Wikimedia Commons. --cesarb 17:14, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

football

why football players come in ground with children?

They are mascots - children, usually from local schools, who are dressed in the same kit as the team they represent. Traditionally I think they are supposed to bring luck to the team. --Richardrj 07:21, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

But at the FIFA World Cup, they've been selected in competitions and used as a promotional opportunity in pre-tournament publicity [1]. --Robert Merkel 07:28, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Wow. I have no idea what you mean. Here are what your sentences could mean, in order of plausability:

1. Why do football players come to the playground, where normally children are. [completely extrapolated -- the sentence doesn't actually say this.]
2. Why do football players come to the game with their children. [completely extrapolated]
3. Why do football players enter (e.g. the store) ground up (like pepper) together with dead kids (and maybe other spices too)?
4. Why do football players have sex with children but ejacutalate on the floor?
5. Why do football players ejaculate on playgrounds?

plus maybe a few more. But really - WTF??? 82.131.189.105 07:31, 6 July 2006 (UTC).

You are such an idiot. He meens suprisingly, why do players come on to the ground with children. Come does not, in standard englsih, mean ejaculate, and ground is the bit of the stadium where you play football. Please dont be an idiot. Philc _T^E_C^I 23:28, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

• English might not be the questioners first language you know... - 131.211.210.16 07:43, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
• (after edit conflict) Wow. I thought I was the master of over-reaction, but that really takes the cake. People who write ejacutalate have no business criticising others for their lack of English skills. JackofOz 07:48, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Plus, I had no trouble working out what the questioner meant and neither should he have. --Richardrj 07:56, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Was a good laugh, though. :) DirkvdM 08:01, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Actually, it says "come in ground", so I'm having an extra laugh picturing that. The word 'root' gets a whole new meaning. :) As does the word football.

Having said that, it is indeed not nice t make fun of people's command of the English language (or lack thereof). Then again, the question was already answered, so what the hell ... DirkvdM 08:08, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

I recall that the first time I saw this was at some World cup or European cup tournament some years back. After that everyone stared doing this children never saw it before the particular tournament. Unfortunately, don't recall which tournament it was. -- Koffieyahoo 08:45, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

I could be wrong but my impression is that it has been done in English club matches for many years. I don't think it's a particularly new thing. --Richardrj 08:52, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

I've never lived in England, or the UK for that matter, so I'm quite sure that isn't were I first saw it. Obviously, the international thing might be copied from England... so the obvious guess is that I saw this first at the 1996 European Football Championship, but I'm not sure. -- Koffieyahoo

Can't speak for other countries, but at English club matches there is generally one mascot, who walks out with the team captain. This has been done for many years. The mascot-for-each-player thing at major championships is a more recent development. Oldelpaso 11:16, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

LOOOOL...I've wondered that since the first game of the worldcup also... and I thought they where theyr children, but then I realized some age and race incongruencies... and I half understood the 'come in ground' joke... I udnerstand the 'come' part, but in ground? can someone explain to me why is that funny? I want to understand the whole joke. --Cosmic girl 19:31, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Ground is also the past participle of "to grind" (as in coffee, pepper) so "entran en el estadio" could be read as "entran (ya) molidos/pulverizados" Jameswilson 22:48, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

I guess the 'joke' here is that 'come in ground' might refer to a man inserting his penis into a hole in the ground and ejaculating into it. Niiiice. --Richardrj 23:01, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

haha, ok the first time I understood it as Richardrj, but I think the correct interpretation of the joke is the one by Jameswilson. lol. anyway... soccer is really cool and I'm bummed that Brazil lost. :(... KAKÁ rocks!!! --Cosmic girl 02:16, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

A question

Hi to you all! Recently, I have been hearing a lot about this guy, I think he is from India, that he does not eat and never gets ill, because with his bare feet he stands on soil and looks at the sun for an hour or two every day. I have watched him on TV saying that people should start doing what he does, gradually, stand on soil with their bare feet, and look at the sun, 1st day only 10 seconds, 2nd day a bit longer, and that soon they all would never get ill because the solar energy I guess would cure them. Now, can anyone tell me is this possible, I mean, is it possible to be true, and isn't it dangerous. By the way, if anyone else here saw that guy(he is a bit elderly, and has middle lenght gray hair), I would like to find out who he is and if he can be contacted.--Captain ginyu 08:46, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Looks like what you're looking for is called Surya Yog; see here and here. --Richardrj 09:17, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

That is it, thank you! But also, isn't it dangerous to stare at the sun like that? --Captain ginyu 13:48, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

No, it's not possible. Put simply, the guy's a fraud. There have been people who've made similar claims before (and undoubtedly will be again), and whenever they're tested, they can be seen sneaking meals and drink when they think nobody's looking or, if denied that possibility, start to starve and dehydrate, same as anyone else. See the article at breatharians; it includes a bunch of pretty good information about people who've made these claims and failed to prove these abilities when being tested. And yes, trying to do stuff like this is indeed very dangerous and stupid. Fooling others into thinking that you're doing it is, unfortunately enough, not very dangerous. More's the shame. -- Captain Disdain 13:54, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

He may be a quack, but is probably an Indian Guru. And saying that, he is probably a bit of both, you can lean alot from him and others if one bears in mind the possability that not every one is right all the time, even in thier chosen field. 193.115.175.247 14:31, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes, it is dangerous to stare at the sun. You will permanently damage your eyesight. Of course, he may be very healthy otherwise, but you'd probably rather be healthy and see clearly, right? Notinasnaid 15:20, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

No, seriously here. He may be an Indian Guru or he may just be some guy who came up with a gimmick, but that's completely beside the point, because either way he's a liar. Ain't nobody staying alive for decades just by staring at the sun, man. Can't be done. He's not doing what he claims he's doing. Nobody's right all the time, sure, but that's got nothing to do with it -- if you're saying that he may still be right about some things, that's kind of like saying that the man who says that everyone should eat a big spoonful of arsenic every day may still be right about some things. Maybe, but so what -- he wants you to eat goddamn arsenic! People like this depend on us. They base their livelihood on us being very, very gullible. As the second link posted by Richardrj alone says, "Trained Surya Yog teachers will soon hold classes in California, London and New York." You think these classes are free? These people aren't about making us wealthy, they're about telling us what we want to hear and living large off our money. -- Captain Disdain 20:15, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

I say that we take anyone who makes such a claim, and lock them in a place where they can stand on dirt and stare at the Sun all they like, but can't possibly sneak in any food. After about 3 months, we can go in and remove the body and make room for the next charlatan :-) StuRat 20:21, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Well, he could always prove it by winning James Randi's million dollars.. but doubtless he's 'above such material things', like most spiritualists of that kind, never mind how many starving children it could feed... funny how they're never above flogging their books, videos, trinkets and seminars though... Ooh, what a nasty cynic I am. --Noodhoog 21:53, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Actually, this guy has no hope, no matter how theoretical, of winning the JREF million dollar prize, because they're no longer willing to test people with claims like this, not only because they are so utterly ridiculous, but also because they put the applicants at serious risk. (Good for JREF, I say. It's simply a waste of everyone's time to spend a lot of effort on setting up tests for people who claim that they can fly by farting real hard or extinguish the Sun with the power of their minds or whatever -- there's weird or very unlikely, and then there's patently ridiculous. Not to mention that with a million dollars on the line, you're always going to get idiots who think that they can tough it out for a month and get filthy rich, even if they are going to get themselves hurt or killed in the process...) -- Captain Disdain 00:00, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Ah yes, right you are.. I'd quite forgotten about that, but I do recall reading about some fiasco involving a breatharian where Randi and someone else did a stakeout on the hotel the guy was staying in, only to catch him sneaking out to an all night cafe in the middle of the night or something - as you say, utter waste of time for all involved, and I don't blame them in not persuing such absurd claims. And as for potentially dangerous claims, I think there was a guy some time back who got quite irate when they refused to test his claimed ability to be able to breath poisonous gas with no ill effects(!) --Noodhoog 00:38, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

But to me, killing off these idiots would be a major benefit to society, so I say we let them do the test, after signing the appropriate waivers so nobody gets sued after the idiots die. And anyway, at the very least, the idiots will be in line for the Darwin Awards, so would get their shot at fame, right ? StuRat 01:49, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Hey, I certainly wouldn't cry after them, but I wouldn't want to waste the time I could be spending on something valuable on them, either. As Randi says:

"A test of [someone who says he doesn't need to eat] would occupy much more of my time than I'm willing to invest, and it would only feed the arsenal of those who love to accuse us of investigating only the easy cases. As soon as that test would be completed, another similar one would pop up, and we'd be off again -- 'You tested him, why won't you test me?'"

Makes perfect sense to me. And yeah, Noodhoog, there was indeed the ridiculous stakeout case. Randi:

"On only one occasion was I actually involved in testing a "Breatharian," as the never-eating people like to be known. We staked out the Holiday Inn where he was staying during the test, and watched as he went out to the local Burger King at 2 a.m. and stocked up on huge bags of goodies; that ended the test right there — but we decided that this was just such a silly activity, that we'd not do it again. We are, after all, grown adults. We have real lives to live."

Testing these claims is just a idiotic waste of time. I mean, Christ, if someone could actually survive for extended periods of time without food or drink, you'd think they wouldn't find it so very, very hard to prove it. Wouldn't it make sense for them to just, I dunno, ensure that they have a completely foolproof setup where no one can question the validity of the test, shut themselves into a throughly empty and constantly monitored room for a couple of weeks and then walk out of there completely healthy? (Unless, of course, the cryptofascist establishment bastards keep it all under wraps so they can, uh, sell us food and water or something. The Man do keep us down, don't he?) Instead, they prefer to prey on the gullible. That's a lot less dangerous and a lot more profitable, and besides, it's not like your average customer demands proof (or is particularly likely to be swayed by it if they are presented it with -- never mind common sense). Unfortunately enough. -- Captain Disdain 03:05, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

I suppose, if nobody challenges such claims by offering to do scientific tests disproving them, then a small group of followers will indeed believe it and try it, too. This might be a good thing, since, instead of killing off a single idiot, we can kill off a whole group of them, and improve the gene pool even more. :-) StuRat 16:17, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Well, honestly, it's got rather little to do with whether anyone does tests or not; some people are still going to believe what they want to believe; others are brought around by a simple explanation of what's actually going on. Never underestimate the power of self-deception. A good example of this can be seen in the (pretty entertaining) video here, which documents the dowsing test conducted by Australian skeptics and James Randi. They set up a fairly comprehensive dowsing test, and all of the dowsers who took part in it felt that they were going to score very well on the test, find water and precious substances and whatnot just about every time. Surprise surprise, they didn't. Yet afterwards most of them still insisted that dowsing worked, despite the fact that they had just taken part in a test that they had observed being set up and agreed that it was fair. They weren't bad people or even particularly stupid, as far as I could tell, they just honestly believed that they could do this thing, and the fact that they had just proved that they couldn't was not enough to penetrate that protective layer of faith in their ablities they had set up. "I've noticed, over the years, that sunspots interfere with divining..." Denial -- it's not just a river in Egypt. (Also, in the video, watch for the very funny sequence at about 9:00 minutes or so, where Randi is being interviewed by a journalist who clearly believes that spoon bending via supernatural powers is possible, and Randi does a couple of sleight of hand tricks to demonstrate that he, too, has "supernatural powers". ("How did you do that?!" "I did it rather well, I thought.")) -- Captain Disdain 14:50, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

He should go teach those habilities where people lack food...lol... this is so pathetic...I mean, WTF? I agree with StuRat, we should give him a place where he can be one with nature, the soil and the sun and eventually death...oh and I was forgetting... with the collective consciousnesses that are 'us' in the future, with RA, with the light and ....whatever concept self help books wanna sell at a certain time.--Cosmic girl 19:37, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes, but, there are desperate, ill people, to whom medicine turned her back, and they will seek help in an alternative approach. Now, I don't understand why some self procclaimed gurus would say that they can help, take money from those people, and still let them die. Also, do you believe there are true gurus, that really have that powers, but will never expose themselves, I am interested on what you people think.--Captain ginyu 00:23, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

I cannot absolutely say that there are no true gurus that really have powers but will never expose themselves, because I don't absolutely know that. (Just like I don't absolutely know that you don't really have powers but will never expose yourself. (Or even expose your powers, if you're so inclined!)) I can, however, say that it is so extremely, almost mind-bogglingly unlikely that such people exist that I will not entertain the notion unless presented with some rather serious, well-documented and credible proof of such people existing. As a point of comparison, I would consider a scenario where I have simply dreamed all of my life up until this point just about as believable. Probably more so, actually. I also think that superstititous claptrap only hurts us. -- Captain Disdain 03:44, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

I have no magical powers, but take every opportunity to expose myself, nonetheless. :-) StuRat 14:06, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence." (I forget who said this.) StuRat 14:06, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Tarn (disambiguation) and Tarn

Hello. Tarn has different meanings, see Tarn (disambiguation), but if you type Tarn you are straight directed to the French department Tarn instead of the Tarn (disambiguation) page. Should it not be the other way round? Tarn should direct you to the disambiguation page. But this means Tarn (meaning French department) should be renamed. I know some things you can do by your self, but these changes seem rather complicated to me! Guss2 09:59, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Hi, I added the disambiguation page to Tarn. If you have any further questions, the proper place for help on editing Wikipedia would be the Help desk. Another good resource is Help:Contents. Glad to help, --Kjoonlee 10:10, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

I have copied the quesion to the help desk. --Richardrj 10:12, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

• I posted an answer to the help desk. - Mgm|^(talk) 10:30, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

First programme?

I just created an article about the upcoming television drama That Summer Day. I'm quite sure it's the first British children's programme to fictionalise the July the 7^th bombings of the London public transport system. Can anyone tell me if perhaps it's the first one in British television? - Mgm|^(talk) 10:13, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

I suggest that instead of "The programme is the first fictionalized account of the attacks in British children's television, possibly the first fictionalised account in British television history" you simply put "The programme is the first fictionalized account of the attacks on British television", rather than include information you're unsure about. In the unlikely event that this is incorrect, somebody will correct it. References to history are misleading with the event barely a year old.--Shantavira 13:24, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

• In that case, I would cut everything after the comma to make sure the info was correct. Still, if anyone thinks some other programme qualifies, please let me know. - Mgm|^(talk) 20:33, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

names of rodent community

i want to know an animal that belongs to rodent family. Its name consists of four letters.By changing one letter from WELL we get the name . pls tell me what is that name±≈×—Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.92.154.214 (talk • contribs)

I don't think so, not in the English language. The nearest thing I can come up with is the sewellel.--Shantavira 12:50, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Weazell?193.115.175.247 14:29, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Someone possibly has a pet rodent called Will but I suspect this isn't what you're looking for. AllanHainey 15:41, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Well, if we turn the 'W' upside down (not really *changing* a letter, just its orientation) and change an 'L' to an 'O', we get MOLE. That's the best I got... Of course, moles aren't rodentia... Or we could get "mice" from "well" by changing an 'l' to an 'e', treating an 'l' as an 'i', and rotating the 'w' as before. Urm.. "vole" as in "mole" but folding the w/m down the center... Let's see: "well" (as in a hole that has water) could also be called a "hole" or a "mine", which can be changed into "vole" and "mice" respectively. I think I'm breaking too many rules though :) 128.197.81.223 21:30, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Wouldn't you say the answer was WEASEL? No-one said we had to change the letter to another letter. In any case I think the Language desk would be the right place for such questions. —Blotwell 06:02, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Color

Why can green & red produce yellow, & not any 2 or more colours produce green or red, [for starters]?

Also, is, say, green light produced because the filter absorbs all light that is not green, before shining it? So say, if you had a green spotlight, is the spotlight green because the light shone through a green filter and this green filter absorbed all other wavelengths? I'm a bit confused, (I guess)? Thanks.

68.148.165.213 13:11, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

red green and blue are not properties of light, it is how human perceive it. see Color vision. Jon513 14:00, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

There are wavelenths of light that are pereived as 'green' and so called 'green light'. The quick answer to your second is yes, you've pretty much got it right. White light is composed of all the wavelengths the eye can see. The filter absorbs all except the 'green' ones. DJ Clayworth 14:38, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

If you mix 400 nm green light and 600 nm red light, you don't actually get 500 nm yellow light. You get a mixture of green and red light, which looks yellow to the human eye because the three kinds of cone cells are stimulated the same way. Here's a graph of the cone cell responses: Image:Cone-response.png. —Keenan Pepper 15:59, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Common Assault

I used to be very extroverted. Then one day i was Assaulted. being a pasafist, i could not hit back and just tried to protect myself from the blows. I was a mess by the end of it, stamped on face, the works. Now i am an introvert. this happened 5 years ago. i still think about it all the time. How can i get back to being who i was before. as i am not happy with the wimp i have become.

I would recommend seeing a psychologist/therapist or someone like that. Seeing any professional who can help you out with your issues is a good move. Good luck. --Mr. Lefty _{Talk to me!} 16:11, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

What happened to you is basically what happens in a society large enough for not everyone to know each other, in the absence of law. "Might makes right". Fortunately for you, unless you're living in some sort of ruthless third-world wasteland without any sort of infrastructure or governance, basically gangs roaming the "streets" (or sands) looting, pillaging, plundering, raping and murdering with impunity, this scenario does not apply to you. Instead, you live in a society where your safety is guaranteed by more than your ability to personally establish and maintain it. You have rights beyond those established by you and the people you know personally. If everyone respected a given right of yours, that would be the end of the story, but of course rights don't just exist when everyone respects them, they also exist when someone tramples on them. Basically, it's your choice whether to choose to say "hey, this right exists even though it's sometimes disrespected" or to say "oh well, I guess if not every single person in the world respects my right it must not have existed, and I'm a loser for having relied on it." You can choose to live in a lawless barren wasteland, like some people buying firearms for personal protection do, or you can choose to say rights exist even in the absence of universal recognition. Hope this helps. 82.131.188.84 16:53, 6 July 2006 (UTC).

But thats the problem, however much respect you put in rights or whatever, thats all they are rights, and if they are denied, its possible there is nothing you can do. Rules are only rules, and can be broken. Philc _T^E_C^I 23:25, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Forgive the person who did it to you. Don't live in fear. The fact that you are still thinking about it indicates that the issue is not resolved. Don't believe that there is "nothing you can do". My email is accessible from my user page. BenC7 03:56, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Profit Margin

Why do we use profit over selling price instead of profit over cost price to show margin in accounting?

Thank you.

I think you have confused profit margin with markup. Markup is the difference between cost and price at which an item is offered for sale. ...IMHO (Talk) 12:34, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Because that is what percentage of revenue is profit, and thus is the profit margin.

If I sell a box of cookies for $5, but I paid $1 for them (including opperating costs), my profit margin is 4/5 = 80%

if I were to account for things the way you suggest my profit margin would be 4/1 = 400%, that doesn't make much sense.

Mayor Westfall 16:09, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Profit margin = Net income before tax and interest / Revenue, as Wikipedia's profit margin article states. This is the traditional, accepted method of calculating profit margin. --Proficient 16:30, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

To put it another way, we do it that way because that's the way it's done. If you do accounting in a different way, it's no longer a fair way to compare two companies. Notinasnaid 17:41, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

The only reason you don't think a profit margin of 400% makes sense is because of they way you think about percentages (can't be bigger than 100%). In fact, it does make sense because you're getting 4 times the profit that you invested, which corresponds to 4 * 100% = 400%. A profit margin of 80% means that you're getting a profit of 80% of what you invested into it. --ColourBurst 03:19, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

first of all, there is a concept for what you're thinking of, and that's "return on investment". If it "costs" you $2 and you sell it for $10 then you're getting a four-fold return on the investment. (And of course cost has to amortize all the one-time costs, to be REALLY what it "cost" you.) Now, why don't we do profits this way? Because usually sales, and not production, is the limiting factor. If you're selling a product for $100 that costs you $50 it would be %50% profit. But if you sell it for $200 that would be 75% profit. However, if there's any sort of competitive market, if you were selling it for $100 you can't suddenly sell it for $200 and still have customers. Almost no demand at double the price. It's not worth it to go from 50% to 75% profit at the expense of losing most of your customers. If you considered the two scenarios as being 200% and 400% profit respectively, this might not be so very obvious. It's not the production that's the limiting factor, but the demand. Companies can get access to any amount of cheap capital, if they need it to meet a guaranteed demand. If capital were in very short supply, then yes, one company would try to get your investment by saying "you know, we get back 8-fold on every dollar we put into production. Please help us ramp up production" and win over a company saying "you know, we get back 3-fold on every dollar we put into production. Please help us ramp up production." In fact, it's not supply that's the problem, and it pretty much doesn't matter whether your cost is $0.01 (99% profit) or half of your sales price (50% profit). If you're selling for $1000 you're competing at $1000, regardless of what your costs are and what the other guy's costs are. If you sell ten times as many items, it doesn't matter if your profit is only half of theirs. It also doesn't matter if their cost is nothing.

Consider razers: you have Gillette investing so much that their $10 razer actually costs them $5 after all their R&D, marketing, etc costs. Now I say "fuck, I can make a gimmicky razer for ten cents, including all my development costs, and try to compete with them on the $10 bracket.) Now, Gillette sells at $10 and makes 50% profit. You sell at $10 and make 99% profit. Doesn't matter. Because your product sucks so bad, they sell a hundred for every one you sell (at $10.) But if you looked at it your way, then the difference between 100% profit and 10000% profit is so big someone would have to be a fool not to invest in your company instead. No: because the limiting factor isn't production. It's not "shit, I'm making 10000% on each unit I sell, but damn if only I could make even more." It's "there's limitless cheap capital for anyone trying to produce something. But where's the demand?" Hope this helps.

craigslist.com

Hi!

I am having trouble putting my advertisment in craigs list for Palm Beach County, Florida. I have some other properties in other areas also but the site keeps coming up for San Fransisco. Can you help me?

Thank You

Hi, sorry to hear it, but you need to contact the people who run the site. Good luck, Notinasnaid 15:17, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Indeed. It would seem that wikipedia will be unable to help you, as the problem directly concerns the information that is being displayed on the website mentioned. You should contact them as the above user suggested to perhaps resolve any problems that you might have. But I could be actually wrong, and someone may be able to help you here. --Proficient 16:27, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

You should probably start here. If you look at the right side of the craigslist main page, it shows all the other states and localities. KWH 21:10, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Dragonfly?

I work in Northeastern Oklahoma. Today there was an insect attached to the brick wall outside. It's body was shaped like a dragonfly, but it had 4 "wings" that looked like 4 symetrical square flags (burgundy in color)on the end of poles. Is this a dragonfly? A co-worker and I have searched the internet and cannot find this type of "wing" on any insect. Thank you, Nena Frow

I've never heard of it, but say we should name it the Semaphore Fly. :-) StuRat 19:59, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Perhaps its camouflage confused you and it only had a pair of wings? --Proficient 05:31, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Can you take a digital picture and post it? It sounds like it could be a type of dragonfly or damselfly. You could try contacting the University of Oklahoma Zoology Department (my alma mater, incidentally) and ask for an entomologist (sorry, I don't remember any names for you). --Ginkgo100 ^{talk · contribs} 17:01, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Wings on the ends of poles sounds to me like a dragonfly with colored patches on its wings, and that you perhaps just missed or couldn't see the uncolored parts. Take a look at this picture of a Common Whitetail dragonfly -- if you just saw the black patches as wings, you'd think they were on poles held out from the body. Did it look something like that? bikeable (talk) 17:06, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Good thinking Bikeable :) BenC7 03:59, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Schnecztor-Konstanz

Am hoping someone can help me. I have a waterpainting done of the Schnetztor, Konstanz by an artist who only signed with initials of F.K. it was done, around the middle 1940's. It looks different than the Schnetztor you have shown on your webpage. Am sure a lot of changes have been made. Can you help me with any further information. Thank you, (email removed) Doris —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Doris1930 (talk • contribs) 17:49, 6 July 2006 .

I searched google to no avail. Someone else may have information on this. --Proficient 05:33, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

How to Edit Capitalization of Title

How would I change a lower case to an upper case in the title of an article?

You have to use the move function to achieve that. Just make sure that the new capitalization follows the naming conventions and you're set. --Maelwys 18:29, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

I may also be a good idea to talk about it on the talk page of the article. If you have no responce in a week or so, go ahead. Jon513 12:07, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Anime Manga

Where can i get free bishoujo anime and manga ? Usually if i search, the norton antivirus blocked it ( TT __ TT )can some one tell me the websites that have direct download? and if possible to download a bishoujo pc game for free... thanks

Well, the answer will vary massively depending on whether you mean legally or illegally. I'm going to concentrate on the legal stuff here.

Firstly, for bishoujo games, you can go one better than playing, and make your own, with the RenPy game creation system avaliable freely at http://www.bishoujo.us/renpy/ - there are also lots of free games made by others playable on that system.

On a more 'grey' level, there are lots of bittorrent tracker sites which host fan-translated anime, which is legal and usually not frowned upon by the producing company provided it hasn't yet been officially translated and released in your country. Google should be able to help you there. --84.12.197.132 21:34, 6 July 2006 (UTC) (actually user noodhoog who, for various contrived reasons can't properly log in right now)

How to qualify to play in a tennis tournment

jim bo. I think the higher ranked players are automatically qualified to play in a tournament. I understand some of the lower ranked players have to play matches to qualify to play in the tournment. If that is true, how is the qualification organized?

• Broadly speaking there are three main ways to qualify, through ATP rankings, wildcards issued by the tournament organisers, and qualification tournaments. The Wimbledon championships article shows how all this works for that tournament. The qualifer tournament was held a week before the first round. Lisiate 01:00, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

• Hmmm. Jim Bo... a new Wikipedian greeting. Jim Bo, everyone. Grutness...wha? 03:11, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

• • Jim Bo to you too...!! :-D Jayant,17 Years, India • contribs 13:04, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

NYC street

Internet question here. Anyone know the site of the photographs of NYC city streets which are street-level pictures of the city, taken every 3 feet or 6 feet or something, of both sides of the street. Google couldnt help me. Anyone know what Im talkin bout? --Anklepants 20:13, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

maps.a9.com has something like that, but not just for NYC... KWH 20:26, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

I seem to remember an article in the NY times or something a several years ago about a New Yorker who liked to walk all over the city, and decided to take a picture at every street corner. Or something like that. Not very specific - sorry/

There was at one time a suggestion for the City of Tampa web site to post pictures taken by code enforcement officers along the date of exposure and address and to expand this listing to include other pictures of locations in the City taken for other reasons and to so designate the reason along with the date or exposure and address (or navigation coordinates) but the cost of computer storage and bandwidth to taxpayers could not be justified at the time. ...IMHO (Talk) 12:48, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

beneficiary of insurance policy

Does the beneficiary of a life insurance policy have to wait until the will is probated befor receiving the money from the policy? Thanks, Bonnie

No, I don't believe so, since the beneficiary or beneficiaries are explicitly listed in the policy, so it isn't necessary for a court to decide how to divvy up the money, which is what probate is all about. I suppose there might be exceptions, like if the deceased left a million dollar life insurance policy to their cat. The court may be called in to determine if they were insane and the beneficiary should be changed. StuRat 01:10, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

No. --Proficient 05:36, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Hey guys, we dont know where Bonnie is, what the cirucumstances of death were, what the terms of the policy might have said, what local laws or customs might apply, and most of all, WANLs (We Are Not Lawyers). So Bonnie, this advice might well be worth what we charge for it. alteripse 10:48, 7 July 2006 (UTC) No, life insurances policies are completly seperate from wills. Some people buy lots of life insurance to avoid having to have relatives go through the process of probate. By the way I am aa lawyer, so the answer to this. - BenGurion.

How do you make user boxes?

I saw a few people's user pages who had user boxes. How do you make those? Stop Me Now! 20:50, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Userboxes has instructions. -- Captain Disdain 00:03, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

In future, though, questions like that belong on the help desk, not here. Yeltensic42 don't panic 00:07, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

raccoons, pigs and bears

Are raccoons, pigs and bears related at all? If so at what level? They are the class level (mammalia)..but beyond that are they?--24.248.194.199 21:35, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

if it's not a taxanomy question then: in the southern united states all of the animals you mentioned are commonly hunted wild, except for the pigs and bears. hope this helps. 82.131.188.84 21:44, 6 July 2006 (UTC).

actually pigs and bears are also hunted wild. The Red Panda use to be a member of the same family as raccoons, that is Procyonidae. Many however classify it as the bear family, Ursidae, or in its own family, Ailuridae. The Red Panda however looks like a red raccoon. Still no relation to a pig and a raccoon though.

Raccoons and bears are both member of the order carnivora, but pigs are in the order Artiodactyla, so the closest the three meet is at the class level. -- Mwalcoff 23:16, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

You beat me to it, but didn't make it explicit - all animals are related at some level. I almost said that all life is related, but is that true? Are animals, plants, fungi and bacteria all related, in other words, do we have a common ancestor? This is a rather interresting issue, because if we're not related that means that life started more than once on Earth and was therefore no 'freak occurrance'. DirkvdM 07:15, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

Or a Super Freak occurrance =D --mboverload@ 07:17, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

All animals, plants, fungi and bacteria share the same genetic code, and therefore can be assumed to have come from a common ancestor. Interestingly, mitochondria have a few differences in their genetic code, although it's mostly the same, implying that mitochondria became symbionts of eukaryotic cells before the genetic code stabilised in its present form.-gadfium 08:22, 7 July 2006 (UTC)